Two captivating (first-cut) songs titled, "It is Upto Us To Save Our Rivers, Nova Scotia Come Together", and "Daddy, this water looks funny", rendered for us by Terry Kelly during the early 1990s!
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Two captivating (first-cut) songs titled, "It is Upto Us To Save Our Rivers, Nova Scotia Come Together", and "Daddy, this water looks funny", rendered for us by Terry Kelly during the early 1990s!
Introduction Table-1: Large rivers of the world (annual mean discharge near the mouth)
Table-2:
Extreme natural chemical concentrations in perennial world rivers and
streams compared to common water levels found in pristine environments
Forel (1882), the founder of Limnology, quotes some analyses of Lake Léman made by Tingry in 1808.
| River | Mean discharge (1000 m3ˇsec-1) | Drainage area (1,000 km2) | Length (km) |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | |||
| Missouri | 17.3 | 3,184 | 6,020 |
| St. Lawrence | 14.1 | 1,274 | 4,000 |
| Mackenzie | 7.9 | 1,784 | 4,241 |
| Columbia | 7.3 | 660 | 1,954 |
| Yukon | 5.1 | 921 | 2,654 |
| Fraser | 3.2 | 235 | 1,360 |
| Nelson | 2.3 | 1,059 | 2,570 |
| Móbile/Tombigbee | 1.6 | 107 | 598 |
| Susquehanna | 1.1 | 71 | 710 |
| South America | |||
| Amazon | 212.5 | 5,711 | 6,437 |
| Orinoco | 17 | 870 | 2,151 |
| Paraná | 16 | 2,278 | 3,998 |
| Tocantins | 10.2 | 896 | 2,700 |
| Magdalena | 7.5 | 238 | 1,600 |
| Uruguay | 3.9 | 230 | 1,612 |
| Sao Francisco | 2.8 | 665 | 2,900 |
| Europe | |||
| Danube | 6.2 | 806 | 2,850 |
| Pechora | 4.1 | 322 | 1,809 |
| Dvina | 3.5 | 355 | 726 |
| Neva | 2.6 | 279 | |
| Rhine | 2.2 | 143 | 1,312 |
| Dneper | 1.7 | 496 | 2,200 |
| Rhône | 1.7 | 94 | 816 |
| Po | 1.4 | 69 | 648 |
| Vistula | 1.1 | 194 | 1,084 |
| Africa | |||
| Congo | 39.7 | 3,968 | 4,700 |
| Zambezi | 7.1 | 1,280 | 3,500 |
| Niger | 6.1 | 1,100 | 4,200 |
| Nile | 2.8 | 2,944 | 6,650 |
| Senegal | 0.9 | 338 | 1,633 |
| Asia | |||
| Yangtze | 21.8 | 1,920 | 5,980 |
| Brahmaputra | 19.8 | 924 | 2,900 |
| Ganges | 18.7 | 1,047 | 2,506 |
| Yenisei | 17.4 | 2,560 | 5,540 |
| Lena | 15.5 | 2,396 | 4,400 |
| Irrawaddy | 13.5 | 424 | 2,100 |
| Ob | 12.5 | 2,455 | 5,410 |
| Mekong | 11 | 793 | 4,000 |
| Amur | 11 | 1,822 | 4,444 |
| Indus | 5.6 | 916 | 2,900 |
| Kolyma | 3.8 | 637 | 2,513 |
| Sankai | 3.6 | 117 | 1,957 |
| Godavari | 3.6 | 294 | 1,440 |
| Hwang-Ho | 3.3 | 665 | 4,845 |
| Pyasina | 2.5 | 189 | 1,056 |
| Krishna | 2.0 | 304 | 1,120 |
| Indigirka | 1.8 | 355 | 1,725 |
| Salween | 1.5 | 276 | 2,400 |
| Tigris-Euphrates | 1.4 | 535 | 1,900 |
| Yana | 1 | 243 | 1,067 |
| Type | Extreme level | Extreme/ normal | Major Rivers range (9) | MCNC (10) | Drinking water standard (11) | Extreme/ drinking Std. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salted | ||||||
| Ca+ | 607 (1) | 75 | 2-50 | 8.0 | -- | -- |
| Na+ | 6,300 (1) | 1,700 | 1.3-25 | 3.7 | 150 | 42 |
| Mg++ | 121 (2) | 50 | 0.85-12.1 | 2.4 | -- | -- |
| Cl- | 9,400 (1) | 2,400 | 0.6-25 | 3.9 | 200 | 47 |
| SO4= | 1,300 (1) | 270 | 2.2-48 | 4.8 | 250 | 5.2 |
| HCO3- | 650 (2) | 21 | 10-170 | 30.5 | ||
| Acidic | ||||||
| pH | 3.2 (3) | 6.0-8.5 | 7.0 | -- | -- | |
| H+ | 6,300 | |||||
| Humic | ||||||
| DOC | 43.4 (4) | 10 | 1.0-20 | 4.2 | ||
| Geothermal | ||||||
| K+ | 160 (5) | 160 | 0.5-3.9 | 1.0 | 12 | 13 |
| SiO2 | 280 (6) | 26 | 2.4-20 | 10.8 | ||
| Turbid | ||||||
| TSS | 400,000 (7) | 2,600 | 10-1,700 | 150 | ||
| TOC | 2,000 (8) | 280 | 3-20 | 7.2 | ||
Footnotes: (1) Salt R. (NWT, Canada); (2) Red Water R. (Montana, USA); (3) Tose R. (Japan); (4) Larry R. (NZ); (5) Waipahihi R. (NZ); (6) Tokaanu R. (NZ); (7) Huang He at Sammenzia; (8) same as (7) assuming POC=0.5% TSS; (9) 2% and 98% of distribution; (10) Most common natural concentration; (11) WHO (1984)
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