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Biology

(Thanks to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

Soil & Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax (SWCSMH)

February 10, 2008           Soil & Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax (SWCSMH) Master Homepage


Contents:


Introduction

Biology is the science of life (from the Greek words bios = life and logos = word). It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms, how species and individuals come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with their environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. Together, they study life over a wide range of scales.

Life is studied at the atomic and molecular scale in molecular biology, biochemistry, and to molecular genetics. At the level of the cell, it is studied in cell biology and at multicellular scales, it is examined in physiology, anatomy, and histology. Developmental biology studies life at the level of the development or ontogeny of an individual organism.

Moving up the scale towards more than one organism, genetics considers how heredity works between parent and offspring. Ethology considers group behavior of more than one individual. Population genetics looks at the level of an entire population, and systematics considers the multi-species scale of lineages. Interdependent populations and their habitats are examined in ecology and evolutionary biology. A speculative new field is astrobiology (or xenobiology) which examines the possibility of life beyond the Earth.


Biological classification

Scientific classification
(cf. Wikipedia)		Two empiresThree domainsSix kingdoms
Mineralia non-life
Biota / Vitae
life		Acytota / Aphanobionta (Viruses, Viroids, ...) non-cellular life
Cytota
cellular life		Prokaryota / Procarya
(Monera)		BacteriaEubacteria
ArchaeaArchaebacteria
Eukaryota / EucaryaEukaryotaProtista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia


Typical animal cell depicting the various organelles and structures

Img-Biological_cell.png


Diagram of a typical animal cell. Organelles are labelled as follows:
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nucleus
  3. Ribosome
  4. Cell membrane
  5. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  6. Golgi apparatus
  7. Cytoskeleton
  8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  9. Mitochondrion
  10. Vacuole
  11. Cytoplasm
  12. Lysosome
  13. Centriole


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